The components of loss from operations before income taxes are as follows:

The components of the income tax provision (benefit) from operations are as follows:

The income tax provision (benefit) for continuing operations computed using the federal statutory income tax rate differs from our effective tax rate primarily due to the following:

The U.S. Tax Cuts and Job Act (the “Tax Reform Act”) introduced significant changes to U.S. income tax law.  Changes include, but are not limited to, a corporate tax rate decrease from 35% to 21% effective for tax years beginning after December 31, 2017, the transition of U.S. international taxation from a worldwide tax system to a territorial system and a one-time tax on the mandatory deemed repatriation of cumulative foreign earnings (the “Transition Tax”) as of December 31, 2017.

We are subject to additional requirements of the Tax Reform Act in years after January 31, 2019. Those provisions include a tax on global intangible low-taxed income (“GILTI”), a limitation on certain executive compensation, and other immaterial provisions.  We have elected to account for GILTI as a period cost, and therefore included GILTI expense in our effective tax rate calculation.  In the current year GILTI had no tax impact.

As a result of the Tax Reform Act, foreign earnings may now generally be repatriated back to the U.S. without incurring U.S. federal income tax.  We assert to indefinitely reinvest the cumulative undistributed earnings of our foreign subsidiaries with a carve out for our Irish operations.  

The components of deferred income taxes are as follows:

At January 31, 2020, we had federal, state and foreign net operating loss carry forwards of $108.9 million, $68.5 million and $9.8 million respectively, which can be used to offset future tax liabilities and expire at various dates beginning in fiscal 2020. Utilization of these net operating loss carry forwards may be limited pursuant to provisions of the respective local jurisdiction. In addition, at January 31, 2020, we had federal and state research and development credit carry forwards of $3.8 million and $1.8 million respectively, and state investment tax credit carry forwards of $0.2 million. We have foreign tax credit carry forwards of $2.2 million, which are available to reduce future federal regular income taxes. These credits expire at various dates beginning in fiscal 2020, except for $0.2 million in credits that have an unlimited carryforward period.

We review the adequacy of the valuation allowance for deferred tax assets on a quarterly basis. We have evaluated the positive and negative evidence bearing upon the realizability of our deferred tax assets and have established a valuation allowance of $38.2 million for such assets, which are comprised principally of net operating loss carry forwards, research and development credits, deferred revenue, inventory and stock-based compensation. If we generate pre-tax income in the future, some portion or all of the valuation allowance could be reversed and a corresponding increase in net income would be reported in future periods. The valuation allowance decreased by $3.7 million for the year ended January 31, 2020 and increased by $3.7 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2019.  

A reconciliation of the total amounts of gross unrecognized tax benefits, is as follows:

As of January 31, 2020, we have $0.1 million unrecognized tax benefits, that if recognized, would reduce income tax expense in fiscal 2021. We recognized interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in the income tax provision (benefit) on our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. As of January 31, 2020 and 2019, total gross interest accrued was $0.1 million.